Majorization for Starlike and Convex functions with respect to Conjugate points

Theorem 1.3. (MacGregor Theorem [11]). Let g be majorized by f in $\mathbb{D}$ and g(0) = 0. If f(z) is univalent in $\mathbb{D}$ , then $|g'(z)| \leq |f'(z)|$ in $|z| \leq 2 - \sqrt{3}$ . The constant $2 - \sqrt{3}$ is sharp. In 2004, the class of starlike and convex functions with respect to conjugate points, respectively were unified by Ravichandran [13], which are as follows:

Theorem 2.1. Let $\phi$ be convex in $\mathbb{D}$ with $\phi(0) = 1$ and $\Re \phi(z) > 0$ . Suppose $\psi$ be the function satisfying <span id="page-1-2"></span> $$\psi(z) + \frac{z\psi'(z)}{\psi(z)} = \phi(z). \tag{2.1}$$ Further let $m(r) := \min_{|z|=r} |\psi(z)|$ . Let $g \in \mathcal{A}$ . If g << f in $\mathbb{D}$ , where $f \in \mathcal{C}_c(\phi)$ then $$|g'(z)| \le |f'(z)|$$ holds in $|z| \leq r_{\psi}$ , where $r_{\psi} \in (0,1)$ is the smallest root of <span id="page-2-3"></span> $$(1 - r^2)m(r) - 2r = 0. (2.2)$$ The radius constant $r_{\psi}$ is sharp when $m(r) = \psi(-r)$ . Proof. Let g be majorized by f, where $f \in \mathcal{C}_c(\phi)$ . Then from Defintion 1.2, we have $$g(z) = \Phi(z)f(z),$$ where $\Phi$ is analytic in $\mathbb D$ and satisfy $|\Phi(z)| \leq 1$ . Thus, <span id="page-2-0"></span> $$q'(z) = \Phi(z)f'(z) + \Phi'(z)f(z). \tag{2.3}$$ The well-known Schwarz-Pick inequality for the function $\Phi$ yields $$|\Phi'(z)| \le \frac{1 - |\Phi(z)|^2}{1 - |z|^2}.$$ Let us write $|\Phi(z)| := \beta$ . Now using growth and distortion theorems [13] for the class $C_c(\phi)$ in (2.3) along with Schwarz-Pick inequality, we get $$|g'(z)| \le |\Phi(z)||f'(z)| + |\Phi'(z)||f(z)|$$ $$\le \beta k'_{\phi}(r) + \frac{1-\beta^2}{1-r^2}k_{\phi}(r)$$ (2.4) for |z| = r. Since $|f'(z)| \le k'_{\phi}(r)$ . Therefore, <span id="page-2-2"></span> $$\left| \frac{g'(z)}{f'(z)} \right| \le \beta + \frac{1 - \beta^2}{1 - r^2} \frac{k_{\phi}(r)}{k'_{\phi}(r)}. \tag{2.5}$$ Now let p be the Carathéodory function and satisfy <span id="page-2-1"></span> $$p(z) + \frac{zp'(z)}{p(z)} \prec \phi(z). \tag{2.6}$$ Since $\Re \phi(z) > 0$ and $\phi$ is convex in $\mathbb{D}$ , [12, Theorem 3.2d, p. 86] implies that the solution $\psi$ of (2.1) exists and is analytic in $\mathbb{D}$ with $\Re \psi(z) > 0$ and given by: $$\psi(z) := q(z) \left( \int_0^z \frac{q(t)}{t} dt \right)^{-1},$$ where $$q(z) = z \exp \int_0^z \frac{\phi(t) - 1}{t} dt.$$ Since $\Re \psi(z) > 0$ and p satisfies the subordination (2.6), therefore [12, Lemma 3.2e, p. 89] implies that $p \prec \psi$ and $\psi$ is the best univalent dominant. Thus, a function $f \in \mathcal{C}(\phi)$ implies $f \in \mathcal{S}^*(\psi)$ , where $\psi$ satisfies (2.1) follows by taking p(z) = zf'(z)/f(z). Further, note that a function with real coefficients in $C(\psi)$ belongs to $C_c(\psi)$ . In particular, taking $f = k_{\phi}$ we conclude that $$\frac{zk_{\phi}'(z)}{k_{\phi}(z)} = \psi(z),$$ which gives <span id="page-3-0"></span> $$\left| \frac{k_{\phi}(z)}{k_{\phi}'(z)} \right| \le \frac{r}{m(r)}, \quad \text{for} \quad |z| = r. \tag{2.7}$$ Using the inequality (2.7) in (2.5) gives <span id="page-3-1"></span> $$\left| \frac{g'(z)}{f'(z)} \right| \le \beta + \frac{1 - \beta^2}{1 - r^2} \frac{r}{m(r)} =: h(\beta, r).$$ (2.8) Finally, to establish $h(\beta, r) \leq 1$ , it is enough to see that $$\frac{\partial}{\partial \beta}h(\beta, r) = -r < 0.$$ Hence, $h(\beta, r) \leq 1$ holds in $|z| = r \leq r_{\psi}$ , where $r_{\psi}$ is the smallest postive root of $$h(1,r) := (1 - r^2)m(r) - 2r = 0.$$ The existence of the root $r_{\psi}$ is evident. To show the result is sharp, let $m_r = \psi(-r)$ and $\Phi(z) = (z + \delta)/(1 + \delta z)$ , where $-1 \leq \delta \leq 1$ . Take $f(z) \in \mathcal{C}(\phi)$ such that $zf'(z)/f(z) = \psi(-z)$ . Let us consider $r_2$ as the second consecutive positive root (if any) of equation (2.2), otherwise take $r_2 = 1$ . We prove that for each $r \in (r_{\psi}, r_2)$ we can select $\delta$ so that 0 < f'(r) < g'(r), which means g' can not be majorized by f' in $|z| > r_{\psi}$ . First note that the function f is a rotation of $k_{\phi}$ with real coefficients and belongs to $\mathcal{C}_c(\phi)$ such that <span id="page-3-2"></span> $$\frac{f(r)}{f'(r)} = \frac{k_{\phi}(r)}{k'_{\phi}(r)} = \frac{r}{\psi(-r)}.$$ (2.9) Since $$g'(r) = k'_{\phi}(r) \left( \frac{r+\delta}{1+\delta r} + \frac{1-\delta^2}{(1+\delta r)^2} \frac{k_{\phi}(r)}{k'_{\phi}(r)} \right) =: f'(r)K(\delta, r)$$ and K(1,r)=1, it suffices to show that $\partial K(\delta,r)/\partial \delta < 0$ at $\delta=1$ in order to establish that $K(1-\epsilon,r)>1$ , and hence g'(r)>f'(r)>0. But at $\delta=1$ , we have: $$\frac{\partial K(\delta, r)}{\partial \delta} = \frac{2}{(1+r)^2} \left( \frac{1-r^2}{2} - \frac{k_{\phi}(r)}{k_{\phi}'(r)} \right)$$ $$= \frac{2}{(1+r)^2} \left( \frac{1-r^2}{2} - \frac{r}{\psi(-r)} \right)$$ $$< 0$$ using (2.2), (2.8), (2.9) and the fact that h(1,r) < 0 for all $r \in (r_{\psi}, r_2)$ . Proof of the following result is omitted as it directly follows from Theorem 2.1. Theorem 2.2. Let us assume that $$m(r) := \min_{|z|=r} |\psi(z)| = \begin{cases} \psi(-r), & \text{if } \psi'(0) > 0; \\ \psi(r), & \text{if } \psi'(0) < 0, \end{cases}$$ where $\psi$ is a univalent function with positive real part and $\psi(0) = 1$ . Let $g \in \mathcal{A}$ . If g << f in $\mathbb{D}$ , where $f \in \mathcal{S}_c^*(\psi)$ then $$|g'(z)| \le |f'(z)|$$ holds in $|z| \leq r_{\psi}$ , where $r_{\psi} \in (0,1)$ is the smallest root of the equation $$(1 - r^2)m(r) - 2r = 0.$$ The radius constant $r_{\psi}$ is sharp. Now we have our result for some well-known choices of the function $\psi$ and some recently studied: Corollary 2.3. Let $g \in \mathcal{A}$ . If $g \ll f$ , where $f \in \mathcal{S}_c^*(\psi)$ in $\mathbb{D}$ then $$|q'(z)| < |f'(z)|$$ holds in $|z| \leq r_{\psi}$ , where $r_{\psi} \in (0,1)$ is the smallest root of $$q(r) = 0$$ , where (i) if $$\psi(z) = \frac{1+Dz}{1+Ez}$$ , where $-1 \le E < D \le 1$ , then $$q(r) = (1-r^2)((1-Dr)/(1-Er)) - 2r.$$ (ii) if $$\psi(z) = \frac{1+(1-2\alpha)z}{1-z}$$ , where $0 \le \alpha < 1$ , then $$q(r) = (1-r)(1-(1-2\alpha)r) - 2r.$$ (iii) if $$\psi(z) = \left(\frac{1+z}{1-z}\right)^{\eta}$$ , where $0 < \eta \le 1$ , then $$q(r) = (1 - r^2)((1 - r)/(1 + r))^{\eta} - 2r.$$ (iv) if $$\psi(z) = \sqrt{2} - (\sqrt{2} - 1)\sqrt{\frac{1-z}{1+2(\sqrt{2}-1)z}}$$ , then $$q(r) = (1 - r^2) \left( \sqrt{2} - (\sqrt{2} - 1) \sqrt{\frac{1 + r}{1 - 2(\sqrt{2} - 1)r}} \right) - 2r.$$ (v) if $$\psi(z) = (b(1+z))^{1/a}$$ , where $a \ge 1$ and $b \ge 1/2$ , then $$q(r) = (1 - r^2)(b(1 - r))^{1/a} - 2r.$$ (vi) if $$\psi(z) = e^z$$ , then $$q(r) = (1 - r^2) - 2re^r.$$ (vii) if $$\psi(z) = z + \sqrt{1+z^2}$$ , then $$q(r) = (1 - r^2)(\sqrt{1 + r^2} - r) - 2r.$$ (viii) if $$\psi(z) = \frac{2}{1+e^{-z}}$$ , then $$q(r) = (1-r^2) - r(1+e^r).$$ (ix) if $\psi(z) = 1 + \sin z$ , then $$q(r) = (1-r^2)(1-\sin r) - 2r.$$ The radii constants r^ψ in context of the above cases are all sharp.

Definition 1.1. [12] Let f, g and $\omega$ be analytic in |z| < r. The function g is majorized by f denoted by g << f in |z| < r, if $|g(z)| \le |f(z)|$ in |z| < r. Let us recall that g is subordinate to f denoted by $g \prec f$ in |z| < r if $g(z) = f(\omega(z))$ , where $|\omega(z)| \le |z|$ and $\omega(0)$ in |z| < r. Further, if f is univalent then $g \prec f$ if and only if $g(\mathbb{D}_r) \subseteq f(\mathbb{D}_r)$ , where $\mathbb{D}_r := \{z : |z| < r\}$ . In 1936, Biernacki [1] introduced Majorization-Subordination theory, proving that if $g'(0) \geq 0$ and $g \prec f$ , where $f \in \mathcal{S}$ in $\mathbb{D}$ , then g << f in |z| < 1/4. In the subsequent years, Goluzin, Tao Shah, Lewandowski and MacGregor examined a variety of related problems (for greater detail see [2]). In 1951, Goluzin [7] proved that if $g'(0) \geq 0$ and $g \prec f$ , where $f \in \mathcal{S}$ then g' << f' in |z| < 0.12 and hypothesized the majorization radius as $|z| < 3 - \sqrt{8}$ . Later, Tao Shah found this to be true in 1958. In 1967, MacGregor [11] proved sharp majorization for the class of univalent starlike and convex functions. Later, Campbell [2, 3, 4] obtained sharp majorization results for locally univalent functions in his sequel of three papers. Since then many authors proved majorization results for classes of K. Gangania thanks to University Grant Commission, New-Delhi, India for providing Junior Research Fellowship under UGC-Ref. No.:1051/(CSIR-UGC NET JUNE 2017). meromorphic functions [8, 14], but claim for the sharpness is still open. In 2019, Teng and Deng [15] obtained results for several subclasses of starlike functions defined in view of Ma and Minda [10] classes, but here also sharpness was missing and it was not possible to mimic the method of sharpness used by MacGregor [11]. This made the problem more interesting for the general Ma-Minda classes, which in 2021 solved by us [5]. Let us now recall an equivalent definition of majorization from [11].

Definition 1.2. [11] Let f and g be analytic in $\mathbb{D}$ . A function g(z) is said to be majorized by f(z), denoted by g << f, if there exists an analytic function $\Phi(z)$ in $\mathbb{D}$ satisfying $|\Phi(z)| \le 1$ and $g(z) = \Phi(z)f(z)$ for all $z \in \mathbb{D}$ .

Definition 1.4. [13] Let us consider $$S_c^*(\psi) = \left\{ f \in \mathcal{A} : \frac{2zf'(z)}{f(z) + \overline{f(\overline{z})}} \prec \psi(z) \right\}$$ and $$C_c(\psi) = \left\{ f \in \mathcal{A} : \frac{2(zf'(z))'}{(f(z) + \overline{f(\overline{z})})'} \prec \psi(z) \right\}.$$ For the standard notations and basic results of Ma and Minda classes of starlike and convex functions $\mathcal{S}^(\psi)$ and $\mathcal{C}(\psi)$ respectively, see[10]. For its connection to the classes $\mathcal{S}_c^(\psi)$ and $\mathcal{C}_c(\psi)$ , see [13]. For some recent articles, we refer to see [6, 9] and the references therein. In this article, we prove sharp results, similar to Theorem 1.3 in context of $S_c^*(\psi)$ and $C_c(\psi)$ , where technique of sharpness is different.