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A · Certified bracket - prove it is sharp

The branch-and-bound rigorously proves max |L| ≤ V + ε and an explicit member attains V, so the sharp constant is trapped in a thin bracket and the candidate below is matched to the extremal. What is open: a local second-variation / KKT (or sum-of-squares) certificate that closes ε → 0, turning the candidate into a theorem.

FunctionalClassCandidate constant Certified bracketTo close
\(|a_2a_3-a_4|\)
Gen. Zalcman (2,3)
Starlike S*
✓ Generalized Zalcman, Ravichandran–Verma 2016 (|aₙaₘ−a_{n+m−1}| ≤ (n−1)(m−1) = 2)
\(2\) [2.00000, 2.00000] prove the candidate is attained sharply (ε → 0)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
Bean S*_𝔅
✓ Kumar & Verma 2025 (Filomat)
\(\tfrac{1}{16}\) [0.06250, 0.07250] prove the candidate is attained sharply (ε → 0)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
Cosh-sqrt \(\tfrac{1}{16}\) [0.06250, 0.07250] prove the candidate is attained sharply (ε → 0)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
Epicycloid S*_{3ℒ} \(\tfrac{9}{64}\) [0.14062, 0.16625] prove the candidate is attained sharply (ε → 0)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
Four-leaf S*_{4L} \(\tfrac{25}{144}\) [0.17361, 0.20750] prove the candidate is attained sharply (ε → 0)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
Lemniscate S*_L
✓ Lee, Ravichandran & Supramaniam 2013 (#455)
\(\tfrac{1}{16}\) [0.06250, 0.07250] prove the candidate is attained sharply (ε → 0)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
Rational S*_R \(3/4 - sqrt(2)/2\) [0.04289, 0.05289] prove the candidate is attained sharply (ε → 0)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
Sigmoid S*_{SG}
✓ Riaz, Raza & Thomas 2022 (Forum Math.)
\(\tfrac{1}{16}\) [0.06250, 0.07250] prove the candidate is attained sharply (ε → 0)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
Three-leaf \(\tfrac{4}{25}\) [0.16000, 0.18667] prove the candidate is attained sharply (ε → 0)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
limacon_0.3 \(\tfrac{9}{100}\) [0.09000, 0.11375] prove the candidate is attained sharply (ε → 0)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
order_0.75 \(\tfrac{1}{16}\) [0.06250, 0.08250] prove the candidate is attained sharply (ε → 0)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
strongly_0.25 \(\tfrac{1}{16}\) [0.06250, 0.07250] prove the candidate is attained sharply (ε → 0)

B · Numerically conjectured - the engine cannot certify it

For these the maximum sits on a flat / degenerate face where interval arithmetic stays loose, so the branch-and-bound does not close at any useful slack (the same wall that the single-harmonic reduction sidesteps for Fekete–Szegő, but which has no analogue for the multi-angle Hankel / Zalcman functionals). There is no certificate yet - only a differential-evolution maximum and a recognised candidate, with the explicit extremal. What is open: a method that certifies the bound at all (sum-of-squares / moment relaxation, or a closed-form reduction). See the roadmap in Methods.

FunctionalClassConjectured constant Numerical maxExtremal
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
Bell S*_B \(\tfrac{1}{4}\) 0.250000 \(\omega(z) = z^2\)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
Cardioid S*_C \(\tfrac{4}{9}\) 0.444444 \(\omega(z) = z^2\)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
Cardioid S*_℘ \(\tfrac{1}{4}\) 0.250000 \(\omega(z) = z^2\)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
Cissoid S*_{cs} \(\tfrac{1}{4}\) 0.250000 \(\omega(z) = z^2\)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
Crescent \(\tfrac{1}{4}\) 0.250000 \(\omega(z) = z^2\)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
Epicycloid S*_{6ℒ} \(\tfrac{9}{49}\) 0.183673 \(\omega(z) = z^2\)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
Exponential S*_e \(\tfrac{1}{4}\) 0.250000 \(\omega(z) = z^2\)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
Nephroid S*_{Ne} \(\tfrac{1}{4}\) 0.250000 \(\omega(z) = z^2\)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
Non-convex S*_{nc} \(\tfrac{1}{4}\) 0.250000 \(\omega(z) = z^2\)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
Parabolic S_p no simple form 0.164256 \(\omega(z) = z^2\)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
Petal S*_ρ \(\tfrac{1}{4}\) 0.250000 \(\omega(z) = z^2\)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
Sine S*_{\sin} \(\tfrac{1}{4}\) 0.250000 \(\omega(z) = z^2\)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
Starlike S* \(1\) 1.000000 \(\omega(z) = z\)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
Strip S*_τ \(\tfrac{1}{4}\) 0.250000 \(\omega(z) = z^2\)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
Tanh S*_{\tanh} \(\tfrac{1}{4}\) 0.250000 \(\omega(z) = z^2\)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
janowski_A0.5_B-0.5 \(\tfrac{1}{4}\) 0.250000 \(\omega(z) = z^2\)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
janowski_A0.75_B-0.25 \(\tfrac{1}{4}\) 0.250000 \(\omega(z) = z^2\)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
janowski_A1_B-0.5 \(\tfrac{9}{16}\) 0.562500 \(\omega(z) = z^2\)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
janowski_A1_B0 \(\tfrac{1}{4}\) 0.250000 \(\omega(z) = z^2\)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
limacon_0.5 \(\tfrac{1}{4}\) 0.250000 \(\omega(z) = z^2\)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
limacon_0.707 \(\tfrac{1}{2}\) 0.500000 \(\omega(z) = z^2\)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
order_0.25 \(\tfrac{9}{16}\) 0.562500 \(\omega(z) = z^2\)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
order_0.5 \(\tfrac{1}{4}\) 0.250000 \(\omega(z) = z^2\)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
strongly_0.5 \(\tfrac{1}{4}\) 0.250000 \(\omega(z) = z^2\)
\(|a_2a_4-a_3^{2}|\)
Hankel H₂(2)
strongly_0.75 \(\tfrac{9}{16}\) 0.562500 \(\omega(z) = z^2\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
Bean S*_𝔅 \(\tfrac{1}{36}\) 0.027778 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
Bell S*_B \(\tfrac{1}{9}\) 0.111111 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
Cardioid S*_C no simple form 0.197531 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
Cardioid S*_℘ \(\tfrac{1}{9}\) 0.111111 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
Cissoid S*_{cs} \(\tfrac{1}{9}\) 0.111111 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
Cosh-sqrt \(\tfrac{1}{36}\) 0.027778 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
Crescent \(\tfrac{1}{9}\) 0.111111 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
Epicycloid S*_{3ℒ} \(\tfrac{1}{16}\) 0.062500 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
Epicycloid S*_{6ℒ} \(\tfrac{4}{49}\) 0.081633 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
Exponential S*_e \(\tfrac{1}{9}\) 0.111111 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
Four-leaf S*_{4L} no simple form 0.077160 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
Lemniscate S*_L
✓ Banga & Sivaprasad Kumar 2020 (Math. Slovaca; #294)
\(\tfrac{1}{36}\) 0.027778 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
Nephroid S*_{Ne} \(\tfrac{1}{9}\) 0.111111 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
Non-convex S*_{nc} \(\tfrac{1}{9}\) 0.111111 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
Parabolic S_p no simple form 0.073003 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
Petal S*_ρ \(\tfrac{1}{9}\) 0.111111 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
Rational S*_R no simple form 0.019064 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
Sigmoid S*_{SG} \(\tfrac{1}{36}\) 0.027778 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
Sine S*_{\sin} \(\tfrac{1}{9}\) 0.111111 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
Starlike S*
✓ Kowalczyk–Lecko–Thomas 2022
\(\tfrac{4}{9}\) 0.444444 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
Strip S*_τ \(\tfrac{1}{9}\) 0.111111 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
Tanh S*_{\tanh} \(\tfrac{1}{9}\) 0.111111 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
Three-leaf no simple form 0.071111 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
janowski_A0.5_B-0.5 \(\tfrac{1}{9}\) 0.111111 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
janowski_A0.75_B-0.25 \(\tfrac{1}{9}\) 0.111111 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
janowski_A1_B-0.5 \(\tfrac{1}{4}\) 0.250000 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
janowski_A1_B0 \(\tfrac{1}{9}\) 0.111111 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
limacon_0.3 \(\tfrac{1}{25}\) 0.040000 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
limacon_0.5 \(\tfrac{1}{9}\) 0.111111 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
limacon_0.707 \(\tfrac{2}{9}\) 0.222222 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
order_0.25 \(\tfrac{1}{4}\) 0.250000 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
order_0.5 \(\tfrac{1}{9}\) 0.111111 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
order_0.75 \(\tfrac{1}{36}\) 0.027778 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
strongly_0.25 \(\tfrac{1}{36}\) 0.027778 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
strongly_0.5 \(\tfrac{1}{9}\) 0.111111 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|H_{3}(1)|\)
Hankel H₃(1)
strongly_0.75 \(\tfrac{1}{4}\) 0.250000 \(\omega(z) = z^3\)
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
Bean S*_𝔅 \(\tfrac{1}{8}\) 0.125000 \(\omega(z) = z^4\)
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
Bell S*_B no simple form 0.484991 interior
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
Cardioid S*_C no simple form 1.010288 \(\omega(z) = z\)
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
Cardioid S*_℘ no simple form 0.514205 interior
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
Cissoid S*_{cs} no simple form 0.368177 interior
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
Cosh-sqrt \(\tfrac{1}{8}\) 0.125000 \(\omega(z) = z^4\)
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
Crescent \(\tfrac{19}{48}\) 0.395833 \(\omega(z) = z\)
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
Epicycloid S*_{3ℒ} \(\tfrac{3}{16}\) 0.187500 \(\omega(z) = z^4\)
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
Epicycloid S*_{6ℒ} \(\tfrac{3}{14}\) 0.214286 \(\omega(z) = z^4\)
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
Exponential S*_e no simple form 0.339888 interior
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
Four-leaf S*_{4L} \(\tfrac{5}{24}\) 0.208333 \(\omega(z) = z^4\)
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
Lemniscate S*_L
✓ Banga & Sivaprasad Kumar 2020 (Math. Slovaca; #294)
\(\tfrac{1}{8}\) 0.125000 \(\omega(z) = z^4\)
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
Nephroid S*_{Ne} no simple form 0.319444 \(\omega(z) = z\)
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
Non-convex S*_{nc} \(\tfrac{1}{3}\) 0.333333 interior
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
Parabolic S_p no simple form 0.255494 interior
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
Petal S*_ρ no simple form 0.263889 \(\omega(z) = z\)
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
Rational S*_R no simple form 0.111859 interior
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
Sigmoid S*_{SG} \(\tfrac{1}{8}\) 0.125000 \(\omega(z) = z^4\)
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
Sine S*_{\sin} no simple form 0.263889 \(\omega(z) = z\)
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
Starlike S*
✓ Krushkal (Zalcman conjecture, n=3)
\(4\) 4.000000 \(\omega(z) = z\)
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
Strip S*_τ no simple form 0.319444 \(\omega(z) = z\)
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
Tanh S*_{\tanh} no simple form 0.319444 \(\omega(z) = z\)
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
Three-leaf \(\tfrac{1}{5}\) 0.200000 \(\omega(z) = z^4\)
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
janowski_A0.5_B-0.5 no simple form 0.328720 interior
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
janowski_A0.75_B-0.25 no simple form 0.262708 interior
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
janowski_A1_B-0.5 \(\tfrac{21}{16}\) 1.312500 \(\omega(z) = z\)
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
janowski_A1_B0 \(\tfrac{1}{4}\) 0.250000 \(\omega(z) = z^4\)
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
limacon_0.3 \(\tfrac{3}{20}\) 0.150000 \(\omega(z) = z^4\)
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
limacon_0.5 no simple form 0.278676 interior
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
limacon_0.707 no simple form 1.114583 \(\omega(z) = z\)
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
order_0.25 no simple form 1.168269 interior
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
order_0.5 \(\tfrac{8}{17}\) 0.470588 interior
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
order_0.75 no simple form 0.170259 interior
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
strongly_0.25 \(\tfrac{1}{8}\) 0.125000 \(\omega(z) = z^4\)
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
strongly_0.5 no simple form 0.320261 interior
\(|a_3^{2}-a_5|\)
Zalcman (n=3)
strongly_0.75 no simple form 1.081731 interior

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